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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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Eric X. Liu
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</title><link>/</link><description>Recent content on Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2025 17:36:52 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Beyond Words: How RVQ Teaches LLMs to See and Hear</title><link>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</link><pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</guid><description><p>Large Language Models (LLMs) are masters of text, but the world is not made of text alone. It’s a symphony of sights, sounds, and experiences. The ultimate goal for AI is to understand this rich, multi-modal world as we do. But how do you teach a model that thinks in words to understand a picture of a sunset or the melody of a song?</p>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</title><link>/</link><description>Recent content on Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 14 Aug 2025 06:50:22 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Fixing GPU Operator Pods Stuck in Init: Secure Boot, DKMS, and MOK on Proxmox + Debian</title><link>/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/</link><pubDate>Sat, 09 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/</guid><description><p>I hit an issue where all GPU Operator pods on one node were stuck in Init after migrating from Legacy BIOS to UEFI. The common error was NVIDIA components waiting for “toolkit-ready,” while the toolkit init container looped with:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>nvidia-smi failed to communicate with the NVIDIA driver</li>
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<li>modprobe nvidia → “Key was rejected by service”</li>
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</ul>
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<p>That message is the tell: Secure Boot is enabled and the kernel refuses to load modules not signed by a trusted key.</p></description></item><item><title>Beyond Words: How RVQ Teaches LLMs to See and Hear</title><link>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</link><pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</guid><description><p>Large Language Models (LLMs) are masters of text, but the world is not made of text alone. It’s a symphony of sights, sounds, and experiences. The ultimate goal for AI is to understand this rich, multi-modal world as we do. But how do you teach a model that thinks in words to understand a picture of a sunset or the melody of a song?</p>
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<p>The answer lies in creating a universal language—a bridge between the continuous, messy world of pixels and audio waves and the discrete, structured world of language tokens. One of the most elegant and powerful tools for building this bridge is <strong>Residual Vector Quantization (RVQ)</strong>.</p></description></item><item><title>Supabase Deep Dive: It's Not Magic, It's Just Postgres</title><link>/posts/supabase-deep-dive/</link><pubDate>Sun, 03 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/supabase-deep-dive/</guid><description><p>In the world of Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS), platforms are often treated as magic boxes. You push data in, you get data out, and you hope the magic inside scales. While this simplicity is powerful, it can obscure the underlying mechanics, leaving developers wondering what&rsquo;s really going on.</p>
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<p>Supabase enters this space with a radically different philosophy: <strong>transparency</strong>. It provides the convenience of a BaaS, but it’s built on the world&rsquo;s most trusted relational database: PostgreSQL. The &ldquo;magic&rdquo; isn&rsquo;t a proprietary black box; it&rsquo;s a carefully assembled suite of open-source tools that enhance Postgres, not hide it.</p></description></item><item><title>A Deep Dive into PPO for Language Models</title><link>/posts/a-deep-dive-into-ppo-for-language-models/</link><pubDate>Sat, 02 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/a-deep-dive-into-ppo-for-language-models/</guid><description><p>Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated astonishing capabilities, but out-of-the-box, they are simply powerful text predictors. They don&rsquo;t inherently understand what makes a response helpful, harmless, or aligned with human values. The technique that has proven most effective at bridging this gap is Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), and at its heart lies a powerful algorithm: Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO).</p>
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<p>You may have seen diagrams like the one below, which outlines the RLHF training process. It can look intimidating, with a web of interconnected models, losses, and data flows.</p></description></item><item><title>Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Models Challenges & Solutions in Practice</title><link>/posts/mixture-of-experts-moe-models-challenges-solutions-in-practice/</link><pubDate>Wed, 02 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/mixture-of-experts-moe-models-challenges-solutions-in-practice/</guid><description><p>Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) are neural network architectures that allow different parts of the model (called &ldquo;experts&rdquo;) to specialize in different types of inputs. A &ldquo;gating network&rdquo; or &ldquo;router&rdquo; learns to dispatch each input (or &ldquo;token&rdquo;) to a subset of these experts. While powerful for scaling models, MoEs introduce several practical challenges.</p>
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@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ where <code>δ_t = r_t + γV(s_{t+1}) - V(s_t)</code></p><ul><li><strong>γ (gam
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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@@ -20,4 +20,4 @@ Our overarching philosophy is simple: isolate and change only one variable at a
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ The answer lies in creating a universal language—a bridge between the continuo
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/2a5ee6d">[2a5ee6d]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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<!doctype html><html lang=en><head><title>Posts · Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</title><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=color-scheme content="light dark"><meta name=author content="Eric X. Liu"><meta name=description content="Eric X. Liu - Software & Performance Engineer at Google. Sharing insights about software engineering, performance optimization, tech industry experiences, mountain biking adventures, Jeep overlanding, and outdoor activities."><meta name=keywords content="software engineer,performance engineering,Google engineer,tech blog,software development,performance optimization,Eric Liu,engineering blog,mountain biking,Jeep enthusiast,overlanding,camping,outdoor adventures"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary"><meta name=twitter:title content="Posts"><meta name=twitter:description content="Eric X. Liu - Software & Performance Engineer at Google. Sharing insights about software engineering, performance optimization, tech industry experiences, mountain biking adventures, Jeep overlanding, and outdoor activities."><meta property="og:url" content="/posts/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Eric X. Liu's Personal Page"><meta property="og:title" content="Posts"><meta property="og:description" content="Eric X. Liu - Software & Performance Engineer at Google. Sharing insights about software engineering, performance optimization, tech industry experiences, mountain biking adventures, Jeep overlanding, and outdoor activities."><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><link rel=canonical href=/posts/><link rel=preload href=/fonts/fa-brands-400.woff2 as=font type=font/woff2 crossorigin><link rel=preload href=/fonts/fa-regular-400.woff2 as=font type=font/woff2 crossorigin><link rel=preload href=/fonts/fa-solid-900.woff2 as=font type=font/woff2 crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/coder.min.6445a802b9389c9660e1b07b724dcf5718b1065ed2d71b4eeaf981cc7cc5fc46.css integrity="sha256-ZEWoArk4nJZg4bB7ck3PVxixBl7S1xtO6vmBzHzF/EY=" crossorigin=anonymous media=screen><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/coder-dark.min.a00e6364bacbc8266ad1cc81230774a1397198f8cfb7bcba29b7d6fcb54ce57f.css integrity="sha256-oA5jZLrLyCZq0cyBIwd0oTlxmPjPt7y6KbfW/LVM5X8=" crossorigin=anonymous media=screen><link rel=icon type=image/svg+xml href=/images/favicon.svg sizes=any><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/images/favicon-32x32.png sizes=32x32><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/images/favicon-16x16.png sizes=16x16><link rel=apple-touch-icon href=/images/apple-touch-icon.png><link rel=apple-touch-icon sizes=180x180 href=/images/apple-touch-icon.png><link rel=manifest href=/site.webmanifest><link rel=mask-icon href=/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg color=#5bbad5><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/posts/index.xml title="Eric X. Liu's Personal Page"></head><body class="preload-transitions colorscheme-auto"><div class=float-container><a id=dark-mode-toggle class=colorscheme-toggle><i class="fa-solid fa-adjust fa-fw" aria-hidden=true></i></a></div><main class=wrapper><nav class=navigation><section class=container><a class=navigation-title href=/>Eric X. Liu's Personal Page
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<label class="menu-button float-right" for=menu-toggle><i class="fa-solid fa-bars fa-fw" aria-hidden=true></i></label><ul class=navigation-list><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=/posts/>Posts</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://chat.ericxliu.me>Chat</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://git.ericxliu.me/user/oauth2/Authenitk>Git</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://coder.ericxliu.me/api/v2/users/oidc/callback>Coder</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://rss.ericxliu.me/oauth2/oidc/redirect>RSS</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=/>|</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://sso.ericxliu.me>Sign in</a></li></ul></section></nav><div class=content><section class="container list"><header><h1 class=title><a class=title-link href=/posts/>Posts</a></h1></header><ul><li><span class=date>August 7, 2025</span>
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<label class="menu-button float-right" for=menu-toggle><i class="fa-solid fa-bars fa-fw" aria-hidden=true></i></label><ul class=navigation-list><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=/posts/>Posts</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://chat.ericxliu.me>Chat</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://git.ericxliu.me/user/oauth2/Authenitk>Git</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://coder.ericxliu.me/api/v2/users/oidc/callback>Coder</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://rss.ericxliu.me/oauth2/oidc/redirect>RSS</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=/>|</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://sso.ericxliu.me>Sign in</a></li></ul></section></nav><div class=content><section class="container list"><header><h1 class=title><a class=title-link href=/posts/>Posts</a></h1></header><ul><li><span class=date>August 9, 2025</span>
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<a class=title href=/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/>Fixing GPU Operator Pods Stuck in Init: Secure Boot, DKMS, and MOK on Proxmox + Debian</a></li><li><span class=date>August 7, 2025</span>
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<a class=title href=/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/>Beyond Words: How RVQ Teaches LLMs to See and Hear</a></li><li><span class=date>August 3, 2025</span>
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<a class=title href=/posts/supabase-deep-dive/>Supabase Deep Dive: It's Not Magic, It's Just Postgres</a></li><li><span class=date>August 2, 2025</span>
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<a class=title href=/posts/a-deep-dive-into-ppo-for-language-models/>A Deep Dive into PPO for Language Models</a></li><li><span class=date>July 2, 2025</span>
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Posts on Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</title><link>/posts/</link><description>Recent content in Posts on Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 08 Aug 2025 17:36:52 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/posts/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Beyond Words: How RVQ Teaches LLMs to See and Hear</title><link>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</link><pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</guid><description><p>Large Language Models (LLMs) are masters of text, but the world is not made of text alone. It’s a symphony of sights, sounds, and experiences. The ultimate goal for AI is to understand this rich, multi-modal world as we do. But how do you teach a model that thinks in words to understand a picture of a sunset or the melody of a song?</p>
|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Posts on Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</title><link>/posts/</link><description>Recent content in Posts on Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 14 Aug 2025 06:50:22 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="/posts/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Fixing GPU Operator Pods Stuck in Init: Secure Boot, DKMS, and MOK on Proxmox + Debian</title><link>/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/</link><pubDate>Sat, 09 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/</guid><description><p>I hit an issue where all GPU Operator pods on one node were stuck in Init after migrating from Legacy BIOS to UEFI. The common error was NVIDIA components waiting for “toolkit-ready,” while the toolkit init container looped with:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>nvidia-smi failed to communicate with the NVIDIA driver</li>
|
||||
<li>modprobe nvidia → “Key was rejected by service”</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>That message is the tell: Secure Boot is enabled and the kernel refuses to load modules not signed by a trusted key.</p></description></item><item><title>Beyond Words: How RVQ Teaches LLMs to See and Hear</title><link>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</link><pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</guid><description><p>Large Language Models (LLMs) are masters of text, but the world is not made of text alone. It’s a symphony of sights, sounds, and experiences. The ultimate goal for AI is to understand this rich, multi-modal world as we do. But how do you teach a model that thinks in words to understand a picture of a sunset or the melody of a song?</p>
|
||||
<p>The answer lies in creating a universal language—a bridge between the continuous, messy world of pixels and audio waves and the discrete, structured world of language tokens. One of the most elegant and powerful tools for building this bridge is <strong>Residual Vector Quantization (RVQ)</strong>.</p></description></item><item><title>Supabase Deep Dive: It's Not Magic, It's Just Postgres</title><link>/posts/supabase-deep-dive/</link><pubDate>Sun, 03 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/supabase-deep-dive/</guid><description><p>In the world of Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS), platforms are often treated as magic boxes. You push data in, you get data out, and you hope the magic inside scales. While this simplicity is powerful, it can obscure the underlying mechanics, leaving developers wondering what&rsquo;s really going on.</p>
|
||||
<p>Supabase enters this space with a radically different philosophy: <strong>transparency</strong>. It provides the convenience of a BaaS, but it’s built on the world&rsquo;s most trusted relational database: PostgreSQL. The &ldquo;magic&rdquo; isn&rsquo;t a proprietary black box; it&rsquo;s a carefully assembled suite of open-source tools that enhance Postgres, not hide it.</p></description></item><item><title>A Deep Dive into PPO for Language Models</title><link>/posts/a-deep-dive-into-ppo-for-language-models/</link><pubDate>Sat, 02 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/a-deep-dive-into-ppo-for-language-models/</guid><description><p>Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated astonishing capabilities, but out-of-the-box, they are simply powerful text predictors. They don&rsquo;t inherently understand what makes a response helpful, harmless, or aligned with human values. The technique that has proven most effective at bridging this gap is Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), and at its heart lies a powerful algorithm: Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO).</p>
|
||||
<p>You may have seen diagrams like the one below, which outlines the RLHF training process. It can look intimidating, with a web of interconnected models, losses, and data flows.</p></description></item><item><title>Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Models Challenges & Solutions in Practice</title><link>/posts/mixture-of-experts-moe-models-challenges-solutions-in-practice/</link><pubDate>Wed, 02 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>/posts/mixture-of-experts-moe-models-challenges-solutions-in-practice/</guid><description><p>Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) are neural network architectures that allow different parts of the model (called &ldquo;experts&rdquo;) to specialize in different types of inputs. A &ldquo;gating network&rdquo; or &ldquo;router&rdquo; learns to dispatch each input (or &ldquo;token&rdquo;) to a subset of these experts. While powerful for scaling models, MoEs introduce several practical challenges.</p>
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@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ The <strong>Top-K routing</strong> mechanism, as illustrated in the provided ima
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2016 -
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2025
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Eric X. Liu
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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<!doctype html><html lang=en><head><title>Fixing GPU Operator Pods Stuck in Init: Secure Boot, DKMS, and MOK on Proxmox + Debian · Eric X. Liu's Personal Page</title><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=color-scheme content="light dark"><meta name=author content="Eric X. Liu"><meta name=description content="I hit an issue where all GPU Operator pods on one node were stuck in Init after migrating from Legacy BIOS to UEFI. The common error was NVIDIA components waiting for “toolkit-ready,” while the toolkit init container looped with:
|
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|
||||
nvidia-smi failed to communicate with the NVIDIA driver
|
||||
modprobe nvidia → “Key was rejected by service”
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||||
|
||||
That message is the tell: Secure Boot is enabled and the kernel refuses to load modules not signed by a trusted key."><meta name=keywords content="software engineer,performance engineering,Google engineer,tech blog,software development,performance optimization,Eric Liu,engineering blog,mountain biking,Jeep enthusiast,overlanding,camping,outdoor adventures"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary"><meta name=twitter:title content="Fixing GPU Operator Pods Stuck in Init: Secure Boot, DKMS, and MOK on Proxmox + Debian"><meta name=twitter:description content="I hit an issue where all GPU Operator pods on one node were stuck in Init after migrating from Legacy BIOS to UEFI. The common error was NVIDIA components waiting for “toolkit-ready,” while the toolkit init container looped with:
|
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nvidia-smi failed to communicate with the NVIDIA driver modprobe nvidia → “Key was rejected by service” That message is the tell: Secure Boot is enabled and the kernel refuses to load modules not signed by a trusted key."><meta property="og:url" content="/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Eric X. Liu's Personal Page"><meta property="og:title" content="Fixing GPU Operator Pods Stuck in Init: Secure Boot, DKMS, and MOK on Proxmox + Debian"><meta property="og:description" content="I hit an issue where all GPU Operator pods on one node were stuck in Init after migrating from Legacy BIOS to UEFI. The common error was NVIDIA components waiting for “toolkit-ready,” while the toolkit init container looped with:
|
||||
nvidia-smi failed to communicate with the NVIDIA driver modprobe nvidia → “Key was rejected by service” That message is the tell: Secure Boot is enabled and the kernel refuses to load modules not signed by a trusted key."><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="posts"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2025-08-09T00:00:00+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-08-14T06:50:22+00:00"><link rel=canonical href=/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/><link rel=preload href=/fonts/fa-brands-400.woff2 as=font type=font/woff2 crossorigin><link rel=preload href=/fonts/fa-regular-400.woff2 as=font type=font/woff2 crossorigin><link rel=preload href=/fonts/fa-solid-900.woff2 as=font type=font/woff2 crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/coder.min.6445a802b9389c9660e1b07b724dcf5718b1065ed2d71b4eeaf981cc7cc5fc46.css integrity="sha256-ZEWoArk4nJZg4bB7ck3PVxixBl7S1xtO6vmBzHzF/EY=" crossorigin=anonymous media=screen><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/coder-dark.min.a00e6364bacbc8266ad1cc81230774a1397198f8cfb7bcba29b7d6fcb54ce57f.css integrity="sha256-oA5jZLrLyCZq0cyBIwd0oTlxmPjPt7y6KbfW/LVM5X8=" crossorigin=anonymous media=screen><link rel=icon type=image/svg+xml href=/images/favicon.svg sizes=any><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/images/favicon-32x32.png sizes=32x32><link rel=icon type=image/png href=/images/favicon-16x16.png sizes=16x16><link rel=apple-touch-icon href=/images/apple-touch-icon.png><link rel=apple-touch-icon sizes=180x180 href=/images/apple-touch-icon.png><link rel=manifest href=/site.webmanifest><link rel=mask-icon href=/images/safari-pinned-tab.svg color=#5bbad5></head><body class="preload-transitions colorscheme-auto"><div class=float-container><a id=dark-mode-toggle class=colorscheme-toggle><i class="fa-solid fa-adjust fa-fw" aria-hidden=true></i></a></div><main class=wrapper><nav class=navigation><section class=container><a class=navigation-title href=/>Eric X. Liu's Personal Page
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<label class="menu-button float-right" for=menu-toggle><i class="fa-solid fa-bars fa-fw" aria-hidden=true></i></label><ul class=navigation-list><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=/posts/>Posts</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://chat.ericxliu.me>Chat</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://git.ericxliu.me/user/oauth2/Authenitk>Git</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://coder.ericxliu.me/api/v2/users/oidc/callback>Coder</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://rss.ericxliu.me/oauth2/oidc/redirect>RSS</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=/>|</a></li><li class=navigation-item><a class=navigation-link href=https://sso.ericxliu.me>Sign in</a></li></ul></section></nav><div class=content><section class="container post"><article><header><div class=post-title><h1 class=title><a class=title-link href=/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/>Fixing GPU Operator Pods Stuck in Init: Secure Boot, DKMS, and MOK on Proxmox + Debian</a></h1></div><div class=post-meta><div class=date><span class=posted-on><i class="fa-solid fa-calendar" aria-hidden=true></i>
|
||||
<time datetime=2025-08-09T00:00:00Z>August 9, 2025
|
||||
</time></span><span class=reading-time><i class="fa-solid fa-clock" aria-hidden=true></i>
|
||||
3-minute read</span></div></div></header><div class=post-content><p>I hit an issue where all GPU Operator pods on one node were stuck in Init after migrating from Legacy BIOS to UEFI. The common error was NVIDIA components waiting for “toolkit-ready,” while the toolkit init container looped with:</p><ul><li>nvidia-smi failed to communicate with the NVIDIA driver</li><li>modprobe nvidia → “Key was rejected by service”</li></ul><p>That message is the tell: Secure Boot is enabled and the kernel refuses to load modules not signed by a trusted key.</p><h3 id=environment>Environment
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#environment><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><ul><li>Proxmox VM (QEMU/KVM) 8.4.9</li><li>Debian 12 (bookworm), kernel 6.1</li><li>GPU: NVIDIA Tesla V100 (GV100GL)</li><li>NVIDIA driver installed via Debian packages (nvidia-driver, nvidia-kernel-dkms)</li></ul><h3 id=root-cause>Root Cause
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#root-cause><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><ul><li>Secure Boot enabled (verified with <code>mokutil --sb-state</code>)</li><li>NVIDIA DKMS modules were built, but the signing key was not trusted by the UEFI shim/firmware</li><li>VM booted via the fallback “UEFI QEMU HARDDISK” path (not shim), so MOK requests didn’t run; no MOK screen</li></ul><h3 id=strategy>Strategy
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#strategy><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><p>Keep Secure Boot on; get modules trusted. That requires:</p><ol><li>Ensure the VM boots via shim (so MOK can work)</li><li>Make sure DKMS signs modules with a MOK key/cert</li><li>Enroll that MOK into the firmware via shim’s MokManager</li></ol><h3 id=step-1--boot-via-shim-and-persist-efi-variables>Step 1 — Boot via shim and persist EFI variables
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#step-1--boot-via-shim-and-persist-efi-variables><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><p>In Proxmox (VM stopped):</p><ul><li>BIOS: OVMF (UEFI)</li><li>Add EFI Disk (stores OVMF VARS; required for MOK)</li><li>Machine: q35</li><li>Enable Secure Boot (option shows only with OVMF + EFI Disk)</li></ul><p>Inside Debian:</p><ul><li>Ensure ESP is mounted at <code>/boot/efi</code></li><li>Install signed boot stack:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo apt install shim-signed grub-efi-amd64-signed efibootmgr mokutil
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo grub-install --target<span style=color:#ff7b72;font-weight:700>=</span>x86_64-efi --efi-directory<span style=color:#ff7b72;font-weight:700>=</span>/boot/efi --bootloader-id<span style=color:#ff7b72;font-weight:700>=</span>debian
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo update-grub
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div></li><li>Create/verify a boot entry that points to shim:<div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo efibootmgr -c -d /dev/sda -p <span style=color:#a5d6ff>15</span> -L <span style=color:#a5d6ff>"debian"</span> -l <span style=color:#a5d6ff>'\EFI\debian\shimx64.efi'</span>
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo efibootmgr -o 0002,0001,0000 <span style=color:#8b949e;font-style:italic># make shim (0002) first</span>
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo efibootmgr -n <span style=color:#a5d6ff>0002</span> <span style=color:#8b949e;font-style:italic># BootNext shim for the next reboot</span>
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div></li></ul><p>Tip: If NVRAM resets or fallback path is used, copy as a fallback:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo mkdir -p /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo cp /boot/efi/EFI/debian/shimx64.efi /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo cp /boot/efi/EFI/debian/<span style=color:#ff7b72;font-weight:700>{</span>mmx64.efi,grubx64.efi<span style=color:#ff7b72;font-weight:700>}</span> /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id=step-2--make-dkms-sign-nvidia-modules-with-a-mok>Step 2 — Make DKMS sign NVIDIA modules with a MOK
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#step-2--make-dkms-sign-nvidia-modules-with-a-mok><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><p>Debian already generated a DKMS key at <code>/var/lib/dkms/mok.key</code>. Create an X.509 cert in DER format:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo openssl req -new -x509 <span style=color:#79c0ff>\
|
||||
</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#79c0ff></span> -key /var/lib/dkms/mok.key <span style=color:#79c0ff>\
|
||||
</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#79c0ff></span> -out /var/lib/dkms/mok.der <span style=color:#79c0ff>\
|
||||
</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#79c0ff></span> -outform DER <span style=color:#79c0ff>\
|
||||
</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#79c0ff></span> -subj <span style=color:#a5d6ff>"/CN=DKMS MOK/"</span> <span style=color:#79c0ff>\
|
||||
</span></span></span><span style=display:flex><span><span style=color:#79c0ff></span> -days <span style=color:#a5d6ff>36500</span>
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Enable DKMS signing:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo sed -i <span style=color:#a5d6ff>'s|^mok_signing_key=.*|mok_signing_key=/var/lib/dkms/mok.key|'</span> /etc/dkms/framework.conf
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo sed -i <span style=color:#a5d6ff>'s|^mok_certificate=.*|mok_certificate=/var/lib/dkms/mok.der|'</span> /etc/dkms/framework.conf
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Rebuild/install modules (signs them now):</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo dkms build nvidia/<span style=color:#ff7b72>$(</span>modinfo -F version nvidia<span style=color:#ff7b72>)</span> -k <span style=color:#ff7b72>$(</span>uname -r<span style=color:#ff7b72>)</span> --force
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo dkms install nvidia/<span style=color:#ff7b72>$(</span>modinfo -F version nvidia<span style=color:#ff7b72>)</span> -k <span style=color:#ff7b72>$(</span>uname -r<span style=color:#ff7b72>)</span> --force
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id=step-3--enroll-the-mok-via-shim-mokmanager>Step 3 — Enroll the MOK via shim (MokManager)
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#step-3--enroll-the-mok-via-shim-mokmanager><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><p>Queue the cert and set a longer prompt timeout:</p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo mokutil --revoke-import
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo mokutil --import /var/lib/dkms/mok.der
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo mokutil --timeout <span style=color:#a5d6ff>30</span>
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo efibootmgr -n <span style=color:#a5d6ff>0002</span> <span style=color:#8b949e;font-style:italic># ensure next boot goes through shim</span>
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Reboot to the VM console (not SSH). In the blue MOK UI:</p><ul><li>Enroll MOK → Continue → Yes → enter password → reboot</li></ul><p>If arrow keys don’t work in Proxmox noVNC:</p><ul><li>Use SPICE (virt-viewer), or</li><li>From the Proxmox host, send keys:<ul><li><code>qm sendkey <VMID> down</code>, <code>qm sendkey <VMID> ret</code>, <code>qm sendkey <VMID> esc</code></li></ul></li></ul><h3 id=verification>Verification
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#verification><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 style=color:#e6edf3;background-color:#0d1117;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4><code class=language-bash data-lang=bash><span style=display:flex><span>sudo mokutil --test-key /var/lib/dkms/mok.der <span style=color:#8b949e;font-style:italic># “already enrolled”</span>
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>sudo modprobe nvidia
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>nvidia-smi
|
||||
</span></span><span style=display:flex><span>kubectl -n gpu-operator get pods -o wide
|
||||
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Once the module loads, GPU Operator pods on that node leave Init and become Ready.</p><h3 id=key-insights>Key Insights
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#key-insights><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><ul><li>“Key was rejected by service” during <code>modprobe nvidia</code> means Secure Boot rejected an untrusted module.</li><li>Without shim in the boot path (or without a persistent EFI vars disk), <code>mokutil --import</code> won’t surface a MOK screen.</li><li>DKMS will not sign modules unless configured; set <code>mok_signing_key</code> and <code>mok_certificate</code> in <code>/etc/dkms/framework.conf</code>.</li><li>If you cannot or don’t want to use MOK, the pragmatic dev choice is to disable Secure Boot in OVMF. For production, prefer shim+MOK.</li></ul><h3 id=references>References
|
||||
<a class=heading-link href=#references><i class="fa-solid fa-link" aria-hidden=true title="Link to heading"></i>
|
||||
<span class=sr-only>Link to heading</span></a></h3><ul><li>Proxmox Secure Boot setup (shim + MOK, EFI vars, DKMS): <a href=https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Secure_Boot_Setup#Setup_instructions_for_shim_+_MOK_variant class=external-link target=_blank rel=noopener>Proxmox docs</a></li></ul></div><footer><div id=disqus_thread></div><script>window.disqus_config=function(){},function(){if(["localhost","127.0.0.1"].indexOf(window.location.hostname)!=-1){document.getElementById("disqus_thread").innerHTML="Disqus comments not available by default when the website is previewed locally.";return}var t=document,e=t.createElement("script");e.async=!0,e.src="//ericxliu-me.disqus.com/embed.js",e.setAttribute("data-timestamp",+new Date),(t.head||t.body).appendChild(e)}(),document.addEventListener("themeChanged",function(){document.readyState=="complete"&&DISQUS.reset({reload:!0,config:disqus_config})})</script></footer></article><link rel=stylesheet href=https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.4/dist/katex.min.css integrity=sha384-vKruj+a13U8yHIkAyGgK1J3ArTLzrFGBbBc0tDp4ad/EyewESeXE/Iv67Aj8gKZ0 crossorigin=anonymous><script defer src=https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.4/dist/katex.min.js integrity=sha384-PwRUT/YqbnEjkZO0zZxNqcxACrXe+j766U2amXcgMg5457rve2Y7I6ZJSm2A0mS4 crossorigin=anonymous></script><script defer src=https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.4/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js integrity=sha384-+VBxd3r6XgURycqtZ117nYw44OOcIax56Z4dCRWbxyPt0Koah1uHoK0o4+/RRE05 crossorigin=anonymous onload='renderMathInElement(document.body,{delimiters:[{left:"$$",right:"$$",display:!0},{left:"$",right:"$",display:!1},{left:"\\(",right:"\\)",display:!1},{left:"\\[",right:"\\]",display:!0}]})'></script></section></div><footer class=footer><section class=container>©
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@@ -90,4 +90,4 @@ Supabase enters this space with a radically different philosophy: transparency.
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ But to truly understand the field, we must look at the pivotal models that explo
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<a href="https://git.ericxliu.me/eric/ericxliu-me/commit/c9ed800">[c9ed800]</a></section></footer></main><script src=/js/coder.min.6ae284be93d2d19dad1f02b0039508d9aab3180a12a06dcc71b0b0ef7825a317.js integrity="sha256-auKEvpPS0Z2tHwKwA5UI2aqzGAoSoG3McbCw73gloxc="></script><script defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js data-cf-beacon='{"token": "987638e636ce4dbb932d038af74c17d1"}'></script></body></html>
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@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ One-minute read</span></div></div></header><div class=post-content><ul><li><a hr
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><url><loc>/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-14T06:50:22+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/secure-boot-dkms-and-mok-on-proxmox-debian/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-14T06:50:22+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-14T06:50:22+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/how-rvq-teaches-llms-to-see-and-hear/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-08T17:36:52+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/supabase-deep-dive/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-04T03:59:37+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/a-deep-dive-into-ppo-for-language-models/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-03T03:28:39+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/mixture-of-experts-moe-models-challenges-solutions-in-practice/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-03T06:02:48+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/t5-the-transformer-that-zigged-when-others-zagged-an-architectural-deep-dive/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-03T03:41:10+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/espresso-theory-application-a-guide-for-the-breville-barista-pro/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-03T04:20:20+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/posts/useful/</loc><lastmod>2025-08-03T08:37:28-07:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/about/</loc><lastmod>2020-06-16T23:30:17-07:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/categories/</loc><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url><url><loc>/tags/</loc><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.5</priority></url></urlset>
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user